The road transportation network in Nairobi County stands as the primary culprit for air pollution, releasing nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These pollutants, when inhaled in higher concentrations, have been directly associated with chronic respiratory illnesses like asthma and bronchitis, as noted by Vital Strategies, a global public health organization.
According to Sammy Simiyu, the co-chair of the health committee of the Nairobi Air Quality Working Group and a representative from Vital Strategies, the impact of air pollution in Kenya is alarmingly high. He states, “There are 124 deaths per 100,000 attributed to air pollution, surpassing the global average of 86 deaths per 100,000.” Simiyu further highlights that 14% of these deaths affect children under the age of 5, while another 14% impact adults over the age of 70.
These statistics underscore the urgent need for comprehensive measures to address air pollution and its grave consequences on public health.
Simiyu, who was speaking during the recent Nairobi media training workshop, focused on the Clean Air Catalyst, a global partnership dedicated to accelerating clean air solutions— reiterated that air pollution is among the top five risk factors for death, with over 28,000 deaths in 2019 linked to air pollution.
Adding to the discussion, Dr. George Mwaniki, Head of Air Quality from World Resources Institute Africa, highlighted that “lifestyle diseases are killing more people in Kenya than communicable diseases because of air pollution.”
These two experts were among dozens of speakers who shared their insights and knowledge on air pollution at the workshop. The event brought together journalists, scientists, innovators, and government officials to discuss and address air pollution issues. The workshop was collaboratively supported by USAID Kenya, World Resources Institute Africa, Vital Strategies, and Internews.
Numerous studies have established that inhaling polluted air has adverse effects on both respiratory and cardiovascular health. It is also linked to various conditions such as cognitive development issues, mental health problems, adverse pregnancy outcomes, pneumonia, and even COVID-19.
The air quality index in Nairobi, as of May 22, indicates a moderate level of pollution, raising concerns for vulnerable populations including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. During the workshop, participants extensively discussed the potential health impacts of air pollution and emphasized the immediate need for action.
Dr. Paul Njogu, Chair of the Nairobi Air Research and Data Committee Chair at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, highlighted the detrimental effects of air pollution on multiple body systems. He emphasized that air pollution adversely affects the lungs, blood, heart, and brain, and has significant implications for reproduction, including miscarriages, fertility problems, fetal growth issues, premature births, and low birth rates.
Dr. Njogu underscored the importance of consulting established standards when assessing pollution levels. He emphasized that the presence of a pollutant does not automatically indicate pollution, and it is crucial to refer to various standards set by the National Environment Management Authority of Kenya (NEMA), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Nairobi City County Air Quality Act, and the World Health Organization (WHO).
According to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution poses a significant health risk to 99% of the global population. WHO estimates that air pollution leads to around 19,000 deaths annually in Kenya. Additionally, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) states that Nairobi experiences high pollution levels, reaching up to 70 percent.
The Ministry of Health in Kenya recognizes household air pollution as a critical issue, ranking it among the top ten risk factors for deaths in the country. According to WHO estimates from 2016, approximately 15,140 deaths annually in Kenya can be attributed to household air pollution. However, the Ministry’s own assessment in 2020 reveals an even higher estimate of about 23,000 lives lost due to this problem. These statistics highlight the urgent need for effective measures to address household air pollution and its devastating impact on public health.
In Kenya, suspended particulate matter, specifically PM2.5 and PM10, poses a significant risk to public health, as it does in many other countries. As stated by WHO, these findings underscore the urgent need for effective measures to address air pollution and safeguard public health.
At the workshop, scientists and innovators showcased various parameters available in the city to detect air pollution levels, providing crucial data for implementing measures to combat air pollution. They demonstrated advancements in technology, policy frameworks, and sustainable practices that have the potential to mitigate the harmful effects of air pollution.
The participants were introduced to airqo, an air quality monitoring network deployed in target urban areas across Africa. This network increases awareness and understanding of air quality management while providing actionable information.
Edwin Lubisa, an Embedded Systems and Network Support Engineer at airqo, showcased the digital footprint of airqo within Nairobi city center. The demonstration highlighted areas with high, low, and moderate pollution levels, showcasing how the airqo mobile app allows access to real-time and historic air quality information across Africa.
Speaking at the event, Beth Mugo, gender and inclusive development specialist at USAID and Purity Munyambu, gender specialist at World Resource Institute Africa, emphasized the need for gendered impact to combat air pollution. They stated that Incorporating gender considerations at all stages of planning and implementation enhances the sustainability, equity, and effectiveness of air pollution mitigation measures.
Journalists also had the opportunity to visit the Nuclear Science Lab at the University of Nairobi, where scientists showcased various innovations available for monitoring and assessing air quality in the city.
According to report by IQAir, a global air quality tracking company, Africa continues to be the most underrepresented region in terms of air quality data. Although progress has been made in the inclusion of countries in the 2022 report compared to the previous year, significant data gaps persist. Out of the 54 African countries, only 19 have sufficient data available from monitoring stations, as revealed by IQAir.
Maureen Njeri, the Nairobi County Executive Committee Member responsible for Environment, Water, Food, and Agriculture, emphasized the commitment of local government officials in addressing air pollution during the event’s opening. She stated, “Our dedication lies in implementing strong policies and regulations that prioritize clean air for our citizens, safeguard public health, and ensure a sustainable future for Nairobi.”
Government officials from Nairobi City’s Air Quality and Climate Change department actively participated in the workshop, underscoring their commitment to combating air pollution. They recognized the importance of robust policies and regulations to prioritize clean air and protect public health. Their presence exemplified a shared dedication to implementing effective measures that enhance air quality in Nairobi.
The Clean Air Catalyst initiative, served as the driving force behind this gathering of experts, marking an important milestone in accelerating the adoption of effective clean air solutions globally.
Journalist attendees received specialized training and were awarded Certificates of Completion by Internews’ Earth Journalism Network, empowering them to effectively communicate scientific information and policy developments to the public. By leveraging the power of media, the workshop aimed to inspire behavioral changes and mobilize community action towards achieving cleaner air.
The workshop underscored the critical role of journalists in creating awareness and driving change. Participants left the workshop with a renewed sense of purpose, recognizing the pivotal role they play in addressing air pollution and driving transformative action.
Through ongoing collaboration and the collective efforts of all stakeholders involved, Nairobi and other affected regions can anticipate a future characterized by improved public health and cleaner air.